Question 1

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?

Accepted Answer

A)   sweeping away debris
B)   physically trapping of pathogens
C)   destruction of pathogens because it is acidic
D)   increasing oxygen absorptionE) A) and B)
F) A) and D) B

Question 2

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)   It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.
B)   It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered.
C)   It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens.
D)   It allows for the destruction of antibodies.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 3

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC)  protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways
B)   MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II
C)   each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene
D)   once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categoriesE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Use the graphs to answer the following question.
Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria.

The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection
B)   adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection
C)   wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to both fungal and bacterial pathogens
D)   the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both fungal and bacterial pathogensE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   inactivate the erythrocytes
B)   stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells
C)   stimulate release of interferons
D)   activate a group of proteins called complementE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 6

Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulates the complement system
B)   triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes
C)   promotes inflammation
D)   enhances the activity of macrophagesE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 7

________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens.

Accepted Answer

A)   Cytokines
B)   Toll-like receptors
C)   Interferons
D)   Complement proteinsE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

The complement system is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity
B)   a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins
C)   a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion
D)   a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbesE) None of the above
F) A) and C) C

Question 9

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the antibody having at least two binding regions
B)   disulfide bridges between the antigens
C)   bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules
D)   denaturation of the antibodiesE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the question(s)  below.
An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with EBV (the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis)  when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or have any symptoms of mononucleosis.
Which of the following statements explains why your class mate does not exhibit symptoms of EBV infection?

Accepted Answer

A)   She was likely infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure.
B)   Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection.
C)   Memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure and destroyed the virally infected cells.
D)   Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second infection.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 11

Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen.
I.Pathogen is destroyed.
II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III.Antigens from a pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV.Lymphocytes specific to antigens from a pathogen become numerous.
V.Only memory cells remain.

Accepted Answer

A)   I → III → II → IV → V
B)   II → I → IV → III → V
C)   IV → II → III → I → V
D)   III → IV → II → I → VE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?

Accepted Answer

A)   plasma cell
B)   thyroid cell
C)   memory cell
D)   macrophageE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 13

If a person is prone to allergies, what treatment could redirect their immune response to help prevent future allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulating activated B cells to switch antibody production from class IgE to class IgM
B)   blocking the antigen recognition sites of IgM antibodies
C)   reducing the number of helper T cells in the body
D)   reducing the number of cytotoxic cellsE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 14

Inflammatory responses typically include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
B)   reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
C)   release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area
D)   inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrowE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged
B)   an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies
C)   HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)  can disrupt the immune system
D)   macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cellsE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 16

________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.

Accepted Answer

A)   Cytotoxic T cells
B)   Natural killer cells
C)   Macrophages
D)   B cellsE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 17

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   B cells produce IgE antibodies
B)   B cells release cytokines
C)   cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface
D)   helper T cells release cytokinesE) B) and C)
F) None of the above D

Question 18

Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?
I.Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.
II.When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself.
III.Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen.
IV.Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.

Accepted Answer

A)   only I and III
B)   only II and IV
C)   only I, II, and IV
D)   only II, III, and IVE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   interferons produced by immune cells
B)   the secretion of complement proteins
C)   the release of slightly alkaline secretions
D)   the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfacesE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 20

A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein. You might expect this strain to be more susceptible to ________ infections.

Accepted Answer

A)   viral
B)   bacterial
C)   fungal
D)   protozoanE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Exam 43: The Immune System

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?

Correct Answer
verified
B

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Correct Answer
verified

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Use the graphs to answer the following question. Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria. The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________.

Correct Answer
verified

________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens.

Correct Answer
verified

The complement system is ________.

Correct Answer
verified
C

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

If a person is prone to allergies, what treatment could redirect their immune response to help prevent future allergic reactions?

Correct Answer
verified

Inflammatory responses typically include ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________.

Correct Answer
verified

________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.

Correct Answer
verified

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.

Correct Answer
verified
D

Correct Answer
verified

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ________.

Correct Answer
verified

A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein. You might expect this strain to be more susceptible to ________ infections.

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 43: The Immune System

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Use the graphs to answer the following question. Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria. The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The complement system is ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a person is prone to allergies, what treatment could redirect their immune response to help prevent future allergic reactions?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Inflammatory responses typically include ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein. You might expect this strain to be more susceptible to ________ infections.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified
B

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
C

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
D

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified